Les dones rurals de Solivella s’han empoderat i reivindiquen el seu parlar, el xipella, com a patrimoni immaterial. Fa tres anys, l’Ajuntament va impulsar el projecte Rurals/Som Xipella per fer visible les dones del món rural i per salvaguardar la seva diversitat lingüística. De fet, Solivella és un dels pocs pobles de la Conca de Barberà que encara el parlen, malgrat que ho fan, majoritàriament, només les persones grans. “Volem que no se’n riguin quan el parlem”, expressa la regidora de Cultura, Sílvia Iturria. La iniciativa ha promogut diverses activitats des de la seva posada en marxa, com ara el documental ‘Lis aspergis escatxiguin’. Ara, prepara la publicació del conte infantil ‘Entri totis ho apriarem’, prevista per aquest Sant Jordi.
‘Asmari’, ‘trempador’, ‘salèncios’, ‘enjup’, ‘sopis’ o ‘rastriller’ són algunes de les paraules pròpies del xipella que es parla a Solivella, a la Conca de Barberà. Els veïns més grans no només el van aprendre a casa, a través de la memòria oral, sinó que també a l’escola.
“Abans, moltes mestres eren del poble i es quedaven tota la vida al col·legi. Ara, la situació ha canviat i els professors són de fora i no tenen aquest parlar”, lamenta Pepita Español, veïna del municipi. La majoria dels parlants són gent gran que han transmès aquest lèxic als fills i als néts. Alguns, com els de la M. Carmen Montseny, n’han conservat algun mot i l’utilitzen sovint.
La pèrdua del xipella
El xipella el configuren un conjunt de parlars que pronuncien ‘i’ en les ‘e’ àtones finals i que s’ubiquen en la zona de transició que va des dels Pirineus fins al Priorat, a cavall entre els dos blocs dialectals del català, l’occidental i l’oriental. “No configuren ni un dialecte ni un subdialecte, al començament del segle passat, mossèn Antoni Maria Alcover, va ser la primera persona que en va donar testimoni, amb aquests cent anys de diferència les parles xipella han anat retrocedint”, explica Pere Navarro, professor titular del Departament de Filologia Catalana de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV).
Per Navarro és imprescindible que els parlants del xipella es treguin la “mala consciència” de pensar que parlen incorrectament. “La gent parla com ha après a casa seva i la millor manera és l’apresa dels pares i avis, és la primera marca d’autenticitat que té l’ésser humà”, assegura el professor. Per aquest motiu, assenyala, és important que els parlants vegin la diversitat com un fet positiu. “Recuperar o no el xipella dependrà de la voluntat de les persones; l’hebreu s’havia deixat de parlar i amb la creació del nou estat d’Israel, van ressuscitar-lo, les llengües no viuen ni moren, simplement són utilitzades o ho deixen de ser i, a diferència de la mort, la recuperació lingüística és un fet quer es pot revertir”, sentencia.
Actualment, el xipella es parla en pocs municipis de la comarca de la Conca de Barberà. A banda de Solivella, també l’usen els veïns de Rocafort de Queralt, Blancafort o Pira. Tot i això, no hi ha cap estudi que quantifiqui el nombre de parlants. “A principis de segle passat mossèn Alcover va documentar el xipella a l’Espluga de Francolí, a Santa Coloma de Queralt i a Pradell de la Teixeta, i avui no el parla ningú en aquestes poblacions”, indica Navarro.
Una de les veïnes de Solivella, la Pepita Español, reconeix que fins fa uns anys, no eren conscients de parlar xipella, un tret que els diferencia d’altres municipis de la comarca. “Ho hem sabut ara de grans, parlàvem tal com ens van ensenyar els pares i els padrins”, assegura. Una altra veïna, la M. Carmen Montseny, relata que a vegades, en altres poblacions s’estranyaven quan els sentien parlar, però amb el pas del temps s’ha anat normalitzant aquesta situació. “Quan anava a Barcelona demanava ‘bajoquis’ en comptes de ‘mongetis'”, recorda. Recentment s’ha treballat per realçar aquest parlar entre els habitants d’aquest poble.
Projecte Rurals/Som Xipella
L’Ajuntament de Solivella ha impulsat diverses accions dins del projecte Rurals/Som Xipella per donar visibilitat a la dona del món rural i al xipella. Un dels exemples és el documental ‘Lis aspergis escatxiguin’, que es va estrenar l’estiu passat i que es tornarà a projectar divendres vinent al Museu de la Vida Rural de l’Espluga de Francolí. Les seves protagonistes són dones jubilades de Solivella que expliquen les seves memòries i experiències.
La regidora de Cultura i impulsora del documental detalla que el projecte Rurals/Som Xipella neix per capgirar la situació d’invisibilitat de les dones rurals, que han quedat relegades a l’àmbit de la cura dels marits, fills i progenitors. “A banda de ser protagonistes del documental, les dones van cosir paraules en desús amb ‘patchwork’ o amb punt de greu, que es van mostrar en una exposició”, detalla Iturria. En el futur confia que els homes del municipi es puguin sumar al projecte, tal com ja han fet els infants a través de l’escola. “És un projecte de llarg recorregut, comunitari i participatiu, que vol crear un espai de diàleg, perquè hem de reivindicar la cultura com la resposta creativa a reptes actuals”, subratlla.
Entre els últims projectes promoguts, destaca la publicació del conte ‘Entri totis ho apriarem’, escrit per Toni Sans Orpinell i il·lustrat per Rubèn Montañá Ros. Està previst que el llibre es publiqui aquest Sant Jordi. Segons explica Iturria, tant el conte com el documental formaran part de les assignatures de dialectologia, com a material acadèmic de les universitats que ho requereixin.
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